Indian reorganization act purpose. APUSH 26 Flashcards 2019-01-10

APUSH 26 Flashcards

Presidential election of 1896 in a well-funded political campaign and subsequently became one of the most powerful members of the U. The Secretary of the Interior is directed to establish standards of health, age, character, experience, knowledge, and ability for Indians who maybe appointed, without regard to civil-service laws, to the various positions maintained, now or hereafter, by the Indian office, in the administrations functions or services affecting any Indian tribe. With the election of Franklin D. As the Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential election, he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic groups. It was sponsored in several sessions of Congress by Sen. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men. The shocking conditions under the established by the 1887 , as detailed in the Meriam report of 1928, spurred demands for reform.

Indian Reorganization Act Text

The combined influence of friends of the Indians and land speculators assured passage of the act. This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 and again in 1900. The goal of the act, however, is to give greater independence to local tribes, not individual members. Alternative Title: Dawes Severalty Act Dawes General Allotment Act, also called Dawes Severalty Act, Feb. Despite contrary policies enacted before 1934, this act has been construed in light of present federal policy, which is to strengthen tribal self-government. This is important because there are crucial differences between allotted and tribal lands. Other tribes rejected the idea of a formal, and small, tribal council governing them and demanded that the tribal council consist of the whole tribe meeting in concert.

President Franklin Roosevelt signs the Indian Reorganization Act

Finally, the need not recognize American Indian people in order for them to be considered a tribe. The experience of self-government according to Indian traditions had eroded and, while the new constitutions were akin to the traditions of some tribes, they were completely foreign to others. Handbook of Federal Indian Law. The unexpended balances of any appropriations made pursuant to this section shall remain available until expended. Eventually pushed into Indian Reserves, and many changed their life style the the Sioux to be more nomadic. Western migration may have actually caused urban employers to maintain wage rates high enough to discourage workers from leaving to go farm the West. Its methods of frequent shallow cultivation were adapted to the dry western environment, but over time it depleted and dried the soil.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983. The act has been expanded since 1934 by amendments adding new territories and greater flexibility in the act's application. The Dawes Act also opened up surplus lands to non —American Indians. The social structure of the tribe was weakened; many nomadic Indians were unable to adjust to an agricultural existence; others were swindled out of their property; and life on the reservation came to be characterized by disease, filth, poverty, and despondency. . The new constitutions called for election of council members and were based on the old 'boss farmer' districts, which had been drawn when the allotment policy dictated that the Indians would be taught to farm. With the funds for purchase of land, millions of additional acres were added to the reservations.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Dawes of and finally was enacted in February 1887. One study conducted by the Institute, the Meriam Report, uncovered the destructive impact of the earlier federal policy of allotting to individual tribe members plots of tribal land. As a result of the Dawes Act, Native American lands totaling 138 million acres in 1887 had fallen to 48 million acres by 1934. The good soil of the West was becoming poor, and floods added to the problem of erosion. Experiences proved this approach to have its merits and shortcomings. Crazy Horse led the Sioux in battle, and killed every one of Custer's men. The provisions of this Act shall not apply to any of the Territories, colonies, or insular possessions of the United States, except that sections 9, 10, 11, 12, and 16 shall apply to the Territory of Alaska: Provided, That Sections 2, 4, 7, 16, 17, and 18 of this Act shall not apply to the following named Indian tribes, together with members of other tribes affiliated with such named located in the State of Oklahoma, as follows: Cheyenne, Arapaho, Apache, Comanche, Kiowa, Caddo, Delaware, Wichita, Osage, Kaw, Otoe, Tonkawa, Pawnee, Ponca, Shawnee, Ottawa, Quapaw, Seneca, Wyandotte, Iowa, Sac and Fox, Kickapoo, Pottawatomi, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Farmers were forced to sell their low-priced products in an unprotected world market, while buying high-priced manufactured goods in a tariff-protected home market. It became significantly less profitable when homesteaders and sheepherders began to put up barbed-fences by which the cattle could not cross. The Reorganization Act remains the basis of federal legislation concerning Indian affairs. The Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized, in his discretion, to acquire through purchase, relinquishment, gift, exchange, or assignment, any interest in lands, water rights or surface rights to lands, within or without existing reservations, including trust or otherwise restricted allotments whether the allottee be living or deceased, for the purpose of providing lands for Indians. This policy, it found, resulted in extreme poverty and a substantial loss of tribal land due to sale to white settlers.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. In essence, the replaced tribal councils and courts that had once given the tribes autonomy with its own legal structures. In addition to all powers vested in any Indian tribe or tribal council by existing law, the constitution adopted by said tribe shall also vest in such tribe or its tribal council the following rights and powers: To employ legal counsel, the choice of counsel and fixing of fees to be subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior; to prevent the sale, disposition, lease, or encumbrance of tribal lands, interests in lands, or other tribal assets without the consent of the tribe; and to negotiate with the Federal, State, and local Governments. The new governments lack the checks and balances of power that had inspired the Founding Fathers of the United States. Farmers were also controlled by corporations and processors. They established cooperatively owned stores for consumers and cooperatively owned grain elevators and warehouses for producers; those who went into politics introduced grange laws which held the idea of public control of private business for the general welfare.

Dawes General Allotment Act

Army and the Dakota Sioux, in which several hundred Native Americans and 29 U. This ended the Indian Wars. Sovereignty by Sufferance: The Illusion of Indian Tribal Sovereignty, 79 Cornell Law Review 404, 413 1994. Greatly improved staffs and services were provided in health and education, with more than half of all Indian children in public school by 1950. Portraits of Henry Laurens Dawes, Washington, D.

Indian Reorganization Act Text

The original supporters of the act were genuinely interested in the welfare of the Indians, but there were not enough votes in Congress to pass it until it was to provide that any land remaining after the allotment to the Indians would be available for public sale. Instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm. The Homestead Act turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation. In 1870, the lack of currency in circulation forced the price of crops to go down. No person shall receive in his own right more than one allowance of the benefits, and application must be made and approved during the lifetime of the allottee or the right shall lapse.

APUSH 26 Flashcards

Repayment of amounts loaned under this authorization shall be credited to the revolving fund and shall be available for the purposes for which the fund is established. In all suits now pending in the Court of claims by an Indian tribe or band which have not been tried or submitted, and in any suit hereafter filed in the Court of Claims by any such tribe or band, the Court of Claims is hereby directed to consider and to offset against any amount found due the said tribe or band all sums expended gratuitously by the United States for the benefit of the said tribe or band; and in all cases now pending or hereafter filed in the Court of Claims in which an Indian tribe or band is party plaintiff, wherein the duty of the court is merely to report its finding of fact and conclusions to Congress, the said Court of Claims is hereby directed to include in its report a statement of the amount of money which has been expended by the United States gratuitously for the benefit of the said tribe or band: Provided, that the expenditures made prior to the date of the law, treaty, agreement, or Executive order under which the claims asserted; and expenditures under the Act of June 18, 1934 48 Stat. These losses virtually destroyed traditional tribal government on the reservations. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to impair or prejudice any claim or suit of any Indian tribe against the United States. Thousands of farms had mortgages, with the mortgage rates rising ever higher. Eventually federally-financed irrigation projects caused this place to bloom to bloom the Mormon church outlawed polygamy;the superintendent of the census announced that for the first time, a frontier line was no longer evident; all the unsettled areas were now broken up by isolated bodies of settlement.